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Contents
1. The least developed countries (LDCs) represent the poorest and weakest segment of the international community. The economic and social development of these countries represents a major challenge for LDCs themselves, as well as for their development partners. Extreme poverty, the structural weakness of their economies and the lack of capacities related to growth and development, often compounded by geographical handicaps, hamper efforts by these countries to improve effectively the quality of life of their peoples. These countries are characterized by their exposure to a series of vulnerabilities and constraints such as limited human, institutional and productive capacity; acute susceptibility to external economic shocks, natural and man-made disasters and communicable diseases; limited access to education, health and other social services and to natural resources; poor infrastructure; and lack of access to information and communication technologies. In the context of these vulnerabilities and constraints, needed international support has been inadequate. More commitment to provide increased and more effective international support for LDCs is required to overcome these conditions. To be effective, sustainable development strategies concerning LDCs should seek to address these vulnerabilities, taking into account the special needs, problems and potentials of each country. This Programme of Action aims to do so.
2. Ten years after the adoption of the Paris Programme of Action by the Second United Nations Conference on LDCs in 1990, the objectives and goals set therein have not been achieved. LDCs are being bypassed by the process of globalization, leading to their further marginalization. For their part, most LDCs have pursued economic reform programmes set out in the previous Programmes of Action, including eliminating or substantially reducing tariffs and other trade barriers, liberalizing currency regimes, privatizing public enterprises, establishing and strengthening institutional and regulatory frameworks and adopting liberal investment policies. The results of these reform efforts have been below expectations. Declining availability of financial resources, domestic and external, including ODA, a heavy and unsustainable debt burden, falling or volatile commodity prices, complex trade barriers, lack of economic and export diversification and market access for key products which LDCs benefit from, as well as supply-side constraints, have seriously affected the growth and development prospects of LDCs.
3. This Programme of Action articulates policies and measures by LDCs on the one hand and their development partners on the other to reverse these trends and to promote sustained economic growth and sustainable development of LDCs and their beneficial integration into the world economy. It also builds on the outcomes of recent major UN Conferences and summits in the specific context of LDCs and adopts ways and means of their application to address the particular problems facing those countries. Effective mechanisms and arrangements for implementation, follow-up, review and monitoring of these policies and measures are critical to the success of the Programme. It is recognized that only by absorbing the previous experiences and lessons can a new, realistic and action-oriented programme be produced.
4. This Programme of Action aims to significantly improve the human conditions of more than 600 million people in 49 LDCs during the present decade. Against the backdrop of lack of progress in socio-economic development in the LDCs and in the implementation of the Programme of Action for the 1990s, it provides a framework for a strong global partnership to accelerate sustained economic growth and sustainable development in LDCs, to end marginalization by eradicating poverty, inequality and deprivation in these countries, and to enable them to integrate beneficially into the global economy.
5. This Programme of Action is based on the international development targets, actions by LDCs and commensurate support measures by their development partners, and on the values, principles and objectives of the Millennium Declaration. These political, economic and social objectives and, as appropriate, other UN targets are incorporated into the commitments of the Programme of Action.
6. The overarching goal of the Programme of Action is to make substantial progress toward halving the proportion of people living in extreme poverty and suffering from hunger by 2015 and promote the sustainable development of the LDCs. This will require, among other things, significant and steady increases in GDP growth rates in LDCs. To that end, LDCs, with the support of their development partners, will strive to attain a GDP growth rate of at least 7 per cent per annum and increase the ratio of investment to GDP to 25 per cent per annum. In this regard, civil society, including the private sector, is an important participant.
7. National policies of LDCs and external support measures by their partners during the decade will focus inter alia on the following priorities:
- A significant reduction in extreme poverty;
- Developing human and institutional resources to support sustained growth and sustainable development;
- Removing supply-side constraints and enhancing productive capacity and promoting the expansion of domestic markets to accelerate growth, income and employment generation;
- Accelerating LDCs' growth with the aim of enhancing their share in world trade and global financial and investment flows;
- Environmental protection, accepting that LDCs and industrialized countries have common but differentiated responsibility;
- Attaining food security and reducing malnutrition.
8. The Programme of Action recognizes the following as cross-cutting priority issues: poverty eradication, gender equality, employment, governance at national and international levels, capacity-building, sustainable development, special problems of landlocked and small island LDCs, and challenges faced by LDCs affected by conflict.
9. Poverty eradication requires a broad approach, taking into account not only the sheer economic aspects, but also the social, human and environmental dimension. This implies an increased focus on issues like good governance at national and international levels and the fight against corruption, respect for all internationally recognized human rights, gender issues, capacity and institutional building, social services supply and environmental concerns. The majority of the poor live in rural areas. Increasing the sustainable productive capacity of agriculture and fisheries and the income of people working in these sectors in LDCs is therefore a key priority. Women remain the vast majority of the poor in both economic and non-economic terms.
10. A comprehensive policy of confidence building and conflict prevention is an important element of a sustainable development strategy.
11. There are important linkages between development, poverty reduction and gender equality. Gender equality and gender mainstreaming are therefore essential strategic components for poverty reduction.
12. The implementation of this Programme of Action shall be guided by the principles and purposes of the United Nations Charter. The Programme of Action seeks, with particular reference to national programmes of action, concrete ways and means to effectively arrest and reverse the continued socio-economic marginalization of LDCs, improve their share in international trade, foreign direct investment and other financial flows and create an enabling environment for them to be able to benefit from globalization and minimize adverse consequences thereof. It is an ethical imperative for the international community to adopt international support measures to help LDCs to arrest and reverse their marginalization and to promote their expeditious integration into the world economy and fight social exclusion. Implementation of the Programme will also restore confidence and enhance the new form of partnership and cooperation between the LDCs and their development partners. The success of this Programme of Action will be judged, in the end, by its contribution to the overall socio-economic progress of LDCs, especially towards achieving international development targets.
13. Another important objective of the Programme of Action is to contribute to the renovation and invigoration of partnership between the LDCs and their development partners by promoting mutual and shared responsibility, as well as greater opportunity and integration of the LDCs into the global economy. The Programme of Action, among other things, should create conditions necessary for the implementation of policies and strategies based on the new development paradigm where economic growth and development are prerequisites for the eradication of poverty. It should also contribute to the growth and expansion of the private sector, entrepreneurship and innovation by facilitating access to technology, private capital flows and other related resources.
14. This partnership is based on mutual commitments by LDCs and their development partners to undertake concrete actions in a number of interlinked areas set out in the Programme of Action. It is entered into in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and with full respect for national sovereignty. This partnership will be nurtured and strengthened by mutual collaboration of partners through relevant international forums and processes. While LDCs should assume ownership of designing and formulating appropriate national policies of their own will and choice to create conditions conducive to development and continue to have the primary responsibility for effective implementation of those policies and measures, the full implementation of the Programme of Action is the shared responsibility of these countries and their development partners. The strengthened partnership for development necessitates adequate external support from the LDCs' development partners.
15. Each LDC will translate national policies and measures in the Programme of Action into concrete measures within the framework of its national programme of action, taking into account its particular circumstances and priorities. LDCs should accomplish this with the full involvement of domestic stakeholders and the collaboration of its public and private development partners to implement the agreed commitments. In this respect, it is important to take fully into account the specific geographical constraints and vulnerabilities of each LDC, including small island and landlocked LDCs.
16. The development partners will assist in the implementation of the Programme of Action through the commitments undertaken herein in a spirit of genuine solidarity and shared responsibility. An important function of the Programme of Action will be to serve as a common framework for development cooperation with LDCs. Its commitments should be translated into actions in their national development frameworks.
17. There is a need to create a coherence of agendas and actions relating to national development in each LDC. Agendas and processes in support of LDCs already in place in different multilateral entities, in particular the United Nations, WTO and the Bretton Woods institutions, within their mandates and tasks, can draw from this Programme of Action and the national programmes of action, with identification of points of convergence and action. Regular and systematic exchanges of information and coordination and synchronization between stakeholders and actors can assist in implementation of development strategies.
18. South-South cooperation, as well as subregional and regional cooperation, has an important role for LDCs' development in areas such as human and productive capacity-building, technical assistance and exchange of best practices, particularly in issues relating to health, education, professional training, environment, science and technology, trade, investment and transit transport cooperation. Such cooperation, including inter alia triangular approaches, should be supported by the international community. Deepened GSTP measures in favour of LDCs are also useful in this regard. South-South cooperation should be viewed not as a substitute for but rather as a complement to North-South cooperation.
19. A new spirit of international cooperation must prevail, based on the principle of getting common benefits, but also on the common, but differentiated responsibilities of developing and developed countries. Developing countries will promote initiatives in favour of LDCs in the context of South-South cooperation, among others, making the best use of the possibilities provided by the triangular mechanisms, through which successful South-South cooperation may be attained using financial contributions from one or more donors, and taking advantage of economic complementarities among developing countries.
20. The Programme of Action recognizes the important role that Governments, as well as civil society and the private sector, have to play in the implementation and follow-up, inter alia through stronger public-private partnerships.
21. The LDCs and their partners will be guided by the following considerations in the implementation of the Programme of Action:
- An integrated approach: The development process should be viewed in a comprehensive, coherent and long-term manner by LDCs and their partners, including the multilateral agencies within and outside the United Nations system. When addressing economic development and poverty eradication, above all there should be a balance between economic and other objectives of development. The implementation of the Programme of Action should be integrated into all international processes of concern to the LDCs.
- Genuine partnership: With greater alignment between national policies and strategies in LDCs and the external assistance strategies of their partners, the scope for more effective dialogue between them has expanded. Open and transparent development cooperation, underpinned by strong political will, can help bring about rapid transformations in LDCs.
- Country ownership: All efforts should be made by LDCs and their partners to ensure genuinely country-led development. This will be aided by the joint identification of development priorities by LDCs and their development partners. Also, LDCs will need to be effectively involved in areas such as aid coordination and debt relief.
- Market considerations: While acknowledging the importance of market forces in the sustained process of economic growth and poverty reduction, there is a need to ensure an appropriate mix of public-private participation. However, this cannot be achieved without adequate attention to market weaknesses as well as government weaknesses, and consideration of the preparedness of the private sector. It is necessary to work towards a good balance between public action and private initiative. To be fully productive, however, a market must operate within a stable legal and economic framework.
- Result orientation: Only positive concrete processes and outcomes can sustain public confidence in the development partnership between LDCs and their development partners. The process of identifying, assessing and monitoring progress on processes and concrete outcomes will be a key aspect of the implementation of the Programme of Action and its success will be judged by its contribution to progress of LDCs towards achieving international development targets, as well as their graduation from the list of LDCs.
22. The objective of the policy framework is to create an overall enabling environment for national and international actions to eradicate poverty and overcome the structural bottlenecks in the LDCs and ultimately to put LDCs on a path of accelerated growth and sustainable development that provides opportunities for all, particularly the poorest, and enables these countries to integrate beneficially into the global economy based on the principle that human beings are at the centre of the concerns for sustainable development.
23. An effective poverty eradication strategy should aim at strengthening physical, social and human capacities, including through equal access to production resources and social, health and education services. Empowering the poor in bringing about this social transformation and articulating their interests and views is crucial. LDCs, with the help of their development partners, must facilitate this process by creating an enabling environment in terms of policy, law-making and institutions while improving the scope and effectiveness of service delivery vis-à-vis the poor. There is a need to empower women and redress gender inequality by mainstreaming the gender perspective in policy, legal and institutional frameworks. There is a further need to engage the energies of young people who currently form more than 50 per cent of the population of LDCs.
24. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Supporting initiatives that help empower people living in poverty, especially women, and promoting their capacities to enable them to improve their access to and better utilize available opportunities, basic social and other types of services, as well as productive resources;
- Building on successful policy reforms and continuing efforts toward sound economic management with a view to attaining levels of economic growth necessary for reaching the objectives of the Programme of Action, including through focusing efforts in the areas of fiscal and financial sector reform and promotion of microcredit;
- Promoting an equitable distribution of the benefits of growth and development in favour of the poor and improving their access to basic social services with a view to increasing their opportunities for participation in economic activity;
- Promoting the efficiency of markets within an effective institutional, regulatory, supervisory and legal setting;
- Improving linkages between different economic activities, particularly between agriculture and micro and small enterprises, and integrating sectoral reforms within broader development objectives;
- Promoting a comprehensive and integrated information base, including through strengthening of national statistical systems;
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Facilitating an external environment supportive of full and timely realization of the objectives of the Programme of Action through the increasing involvement of LDCs in the work relating to their development strategies in the international financial institutions and other multilateral organizations;
- Extending substantial and more effective support for LDCs' efforts in areas of empowering people living in poverty and ensuring their access to basic social services;
- Assisting LDCs' efforts, through providing financial and other resources, in setting up effective social safety nets to mitigate social exclusion, insecurity and vulnerability of LDCs;
- Creating an enabling environment that will help the LDCs derive benefits from globalization, and supporting them in mitigating its negative consequences;
- In the area of human and institutional capacity building, designing and providing donor support programmes to genuinely strengthen LDCs' national capacities and not replace them;
- Supporting LDCs in gaining access to information and communications technologies, necessary physical infrastructure and critical capacity-building that would facilitate bridging the digital divide, bearing in mind the need for diffusion and transfer of technology;
- Supporting sectoral policies and programmes in a manner that helps achieve an appropriate balance between economic objectives, such as strengthening and diversification of the LDC economies, and social development goals;
- Undertaking public information campaigns, with the participation of relevant stakeholders, to increase public understanding of the development challenges faced by the LDCs, as well as public support in favour of the genuine and urgent need for development of the LDCs;
- Supporting the efforts of the LDCs in creating and promoting a comprehensive and integrated information base, including through strengthening of national statistical systems.
25. Success in meeting the objectives of development and poverty eradication depends, inter alia, on good governance within each country. It also depends on good governance at the international level and on transparency in the financial, monetary and trading systems. We are committed to an open, equitable, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral trading and financial system. No effort will be spared to promote democracy and strengthen the rule of law, as well as respect for all internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development.
26. Good governance at both national and international levels is essential for the implementation of the commitments embodied in this Programme of Action.
27. Successful implementation of the objectives, policies, commitments and measures contained in the Programme of Action will require, at the national level among other things, that these be supported by good governance through transparent, accountable, and efficient institutions and practices within the Government, the private sector and civil society. Despite efforts by LDCs in this regard, their governance goals have not yet been achieved. These efforts need to be pursued, with the support of the international community as an essential factor. In LDCs, many institutions and processes are inadequately developed, reflecting low overall levels of socio-economic development. It should be recognized that promoting good governance in these countries needs to be approached with a long-term view.
28. Governance issues at the international level and international economic decision-making processes that affect LDCs' development, including issues of their effective participation, should be addressed. Multilateral policy and regulatory issues that affect LDCs' development efforts should also be addressed. The circumstances and interests of LDCs should be taken fully into account in multilateral institutions and processes. Adequate attention must be paid to checking unfair business practices and corruption by multinational companies, domestic firms and any other business entities.
29. Actions by the LDCs and their development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Continuing efforts to establish an effective, fair and stable institutional, legal and regulatory framework in order to strengthen the rule of law and to foster effective participation of and close cooperation among all relevant stakeholders at national and local levels in the development process;
- Promoting and respecting all internationally recognized human rights, including the right to development;
- Respecting, promoting and realizing the principles contained in the ILO "Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up";
- Fostering just, transparent and well-functioning Governments accountable to the people as well as promoting an accessible and independent judicial system;
- Pursuing national policies and strategies to promote confidence building and conflict prevention, and in countries affected by conflict, to promote peaceful settlement of disputes, reconciliation and post-conflict peace building;
- Promoting broad-based popular participation in development, inter alia through decentralization, where appropriate;
- Enabling the poor through promoting social inclusion and empowerment in order to enhance their effective participation in the governance process, inter alia by strengthening their social networks;
- Striving to fully protect and promote gender equality, non-discrimination and the empowerment of women as effective means contributing to eradication of poverty, elimination of hunger, combating disease and stimulating growth and sustainable development;
- Promoting effective representation and participation of women in all spheres of decision-making, including the political process at all levels;
- Strengthening policies and measures aimed at social, economic and political inclusion of all segments of societies;
- Strengthening efforts to fight corruption, bribery, money laundering, illegal transfer of funds and other illicit activities by strengthening anti-corruption laws and regulations and their effective application;
- Continuing to promote and enhance effective measures, including fiscal and financial sector reforms for better domestic resource mobilization, and reallocating public resources for investment in social development, inter alia through the appropriate reduction of excessive military expenditures, including global military expenditures;
- Strengthening human and institutional capacities for the formulation, application and evaluation of relevant policies and actions in the above areas.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Ensuring meaningful support for full and effective participation of LDCs in international dialogue and action on development, peace and security, as well as in decision- and rule-making and standard-setting in all areas affecting their development;
- Providing adequate and appropriate response, including financial and technical assistance, to requests of LDCs for human and institutional capacity building for governance functions;
- Providing appropriate assistance in response to a request by an LDC Government, and in accordance with the UN Charter, to help the prevention and resolution of conflicts, as well as supporting confidence-building, post-conflict peace-building, reintegration and reconstruction, thus paving the way for durable peace and sustainable development;
- Supporting the efforts of LDCs to strengthen institutional capacity and regulatory frameworks for preventing corruption, bribery and money laundering, illegal transfer of funds and other illicit activities by both public and private entities;
- Working with LDCs to ensure transparency of development cooperation programmes, including tendering for international aid projects;
- Assisting LDCs in building partnerships and networks domestically among their institutions as well as at the international level, including those in the private sector, civil society and relevant intergovernmental bodies, in order to promote private and public sector dialogue to improve their capacity to enhance transparency and accountability in economic activities and development.
30. LDCs' greatest assets are their women, men and children, whose potentials as both agents and beneficiaries of development must be fully realized. Efforts at development of human capacities in LDCs have been affected by low school enrolment and low health, nutrition and sanitation status and by the prevalence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, particularly in Africa, and malaria, tuberculosis and other communicable diseases, as well as by natural and man-made disasters. Making steady progress in this area will be a major objective during the decade. An immediate priority is to focus greater effort on fighting HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis and their social and economic impact. At the same time, longer-term policies and strategies must be pursued in health, education, employment and rural development, with due consideration for cross-sectoral synergies.
31. The 20/20 initiative is to be implemented on the basis of mutual agreement and commitment by donors and LDCs. It is recognized that this initiative is important in mobilizing new and additional resources, both from domestic and external sources, with a view to facilitating universal access to basic social services.
32. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Increasing budgetary allocations in favour of social infrastructure and basic social services, including through intersectoral reallocation and appropriate cost-recovery measures, with due consideration for the protection of the poor;
- Creating an efficient environment for and enhancing the effectiveness of social sector investment, including through greater reliance on a participatory local community approach in the design, implementation and evaluation of measures relating to the provision of social infrastructures and basic social services, particularly to improve the condition of the poor members of the community, including through building on deeply embedded traditions of voluntary mutual aid and self-help forms of social capital;
- Offering training, including on-the-job training, to social service providers, particularly to teachers and health-care personnel, taking into account gender equality;
- Encouraging private sector involvement to complement public sector provision of social infrastructure and social services within an appropriate regulatory framework, and seeking lessons from the past in order to avoid repeating failure;
- Giving adequate priority to issues of housing and sustainable human settlements in rural areas and in urban locations with a concentration of the poor;
- Making efforts towards the establishment and improvement of national health facilities and statistics.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Making determined efforts to increase ODA in support of LDCs' efforts towards provision of social infrastructure and social services, in order to reach the UN social targets in this Programme of Action;
- Promoting and encouraging innovative sources of funding and providing technical support through partnerships among LDC and donor Governments, the national and international private sector, and NGOs and foundations;
- Contributing to enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the social sector by reducing aid-related transaction costs and facilitating government coordination efforts among relevant stakeholders;
- Assisting in improving the collection and dissemination of relevant information, including in the establishment and improvement of national health facilities and statistics in LDCs;
- Assisting LDCs in developing effective safety nets and swift response mechanisms to cope with natural disasters and socio-economic shocks, including those resulting from economic reform programmes and fiscal adjustment.
33. The following goals, targets and actions will be pursued during the decade in conformity with the Programme of Action and report of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the report of the twenty-first Special Session of the General Assembly (ICPD+5).
Goals and targets
34. The following goals and targets will be pursued during the decade:
- Making accessible, through the primary health care system, reproductive health to all individuals of appropriate ages as soon as possible and no later than the year 2015;/1
- Making available the widest achievable range of safe, effective, affordable and acceptable family planning and contraceptive methods./2
35. Action by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Strengthening population policies and strategies consistent with internationally agreed goals and objectives, as well as with the particular circumstances and demographic trends of LDCs, as an integral part of development policies;
- Strengthening basic health care systems and increasing access to and availability of the widest range of quality health care, including reproductive and sexual health care and promoting reproductive rights as defined in the ICPD Programme of Action, in the broader context of health sector reform, with particular emphasis on maternal/child health;
- Addressing effectively, including through appropriate policies, problems and conditions of labour supply and internal migration.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Providing enhanced and strengthened support to LDCs in their efforts to build national capacity for formulating and implementing population and development policies and strategies and to access and use appropriate technology and know-how;
- Assisting LDCs to redress the severe inadequacies in demographic data that restrict effective policy regarding population and development;
- Providing support, including technical, financial or other forms of support, to LDCs to improve conditions of labour supply and mitigate problems of migration.
36. Policies and measures will be pursued in line with the following goals and targets:
- Ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, children in difficult circumstances and those belonging to ethnic minorities, have access to and complete, free and compulsory primary education of good quality;/3
- Achieving a 50 per cent improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015, especially for women, and equitable access to basic and continuing education for all adults;/4
- Eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and achieving gender equality in education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls' full and equal access to and achievement in basic education of good quality./5
37. Actions by LDCs and the development partners in pursuing the above targets will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Assigning high priority to education, particularly basic education and vocational training, in development budgets, to improve access to and quality of education;
- Mobilizing national and international political will for Education for All and developing or strengthening existing National Action Plans on Education, as agreed at the Education for All Conference in Dakar, integrated into a wider poverty reduction and development framework, to ensure that all girls and boys and women and men gain the core skills they need to take advantage of economic opportunities;
- Redressing pro-urban and pro-male bias in educational policies, where it exists, by actions on both the demand and supply sides, improving curricula and teacher training so that they are gender-sensitive, and improving girls' enrolment at primary and secondary levels in both urban and rural areas;
- Developing and strengthening instruction and technical and vocational training on science and technology, particularly information and communications technologies (ICTs), and exploiting the potential contribution of ICTs to learning, including through the use of distance learning;
- Taking measures to reduce drop-out rates of children, especially girls, particularly to retain in school children who are poor, vulnerable, disadvantaged and socially marginalized;
- Promoting partnership with the private sector in an integrated system that links education, training and employment, including self-employment;
- Enhancing non-formal education in order to promote adult literacy among women and men;
- Developing an incentive system to attract highly qualified nationals working abroad to take advantage of their skills and make good use of their experience for facilitation of networking between the institutions in which they were working and LDCs' institutions;
- Implementing education programmes and actions, including public awareness programmes, to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic, tuberculosis, malaria, and other communicable diseases;
- Promoting a culture of peace, particularly through education, and strengthening efforts towards peaceful resolution of conflicts;
- Strengthening health education programmes, complemented by immunization programmes, nutrition, safe water and sanitation and the creation of healthier environments, in recognition that healthy well-nourished children are better learners.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Providing enhanced support, including strengthened ODA, from both bilateral and multilateral sources, to reach the above targets on education and literacy;
- Helping LDCs develop or strengthen national plans of action for education, with provision of special technical support to countries facing significant challenges, such as complex crises and natural disasters;
- Providing support to institutional capacity-building for the formulation and implementation of human resources and institutional development policies and intensifying efforts to transfer knowledge and improve the capacity for local knowledge creation in LDCs;
- Supporting systemic reform activities in the education sector;
- Encouraging and assisting LDCs in building capacities for pre-school, primary, secondary and tertiary education and technical and vocational training;
- Strengthening local stakeholders working in education, largely through local communities and locally based schooling initiatives;
- Supporting LDC Governments in expanding and strengthening education programmes related to HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other communicable diseases, in partnership with NGOs and other national stakeholders;
- Supporting initiatives to overcome barriers to girls' education, and achieving expanded and improved learning for girls;
- Assisting with efforts, including through technical or other forms of support, to introduce innovative education and training methods, including distance learning;
- Encouraging and facilitating networking among educational and training institutions in developed countries and those in LDCs, including provision of voluntary services in educational and training fields;
- Providing financial and non-financial resources for research and development activities carried out in LDCs, including facilitating partnerships between researchers in LDCs and researchers in development partner countries granting incentives to international researchers to participate in R & D activities in LDCs in such areas as health and sanitation, nutrition, education, and other social services;
- Supporting LDCs' efforts in developing an incentive system to attract highly qualified nationals working abroad.
38. Policies and measures will be pursued in line with the following goals and targets:
- Reducing the infant mortality rate below 35 per 1,000 live births by 2015;/6
- Reducing the under 5 mortality rate below 45 per 1,000 live births by 2015;/7
- Reducing the maternal mortality rate by three-quarters of the current rate by 2015;/8
- Reducing the number of undernourished people by half by the year 2015;/9
- Reducing by half by 2015 the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water;/10
- Reducing HIV infection rates in persons 15-24 years of age by 2005 in all countries, and by 25 per cent in the most affected countries;/11
- Increasing the percentage of women receiving maternal and prenatal care by 60 per cent;
- Halving malnutrition among pregnant women and among pre-school children in LDCs by 2015;
- Substantially reducing infection rates from malaria, tuberculosis and other killer diseases in LDCs by the end of the decade; reducing tuberculosis (TB) deaths and prevalence of the disease by 50 per cent by 2010; and reducing the burden of disease associated with malaria by 50 per cent by 2010;
- Promoting child health and survival and reducing disparities between and within developed and developing countries as quickly as possible, with particular attention to eliminating the pattern of excess and preventable mortality among girl infants and children;
- Improving the health and nutritional status of infants and children;
- Promoting breast feeding as a child survival strategy.
39. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Developing health systems in which special attention is given to the poorest sectors of society by promoting community participation, including, when possible, useful and proven traditional structures, in planning and managing basic health services, including health promotion and disease prevention, bearing in mind the gender aspect;
- Increasing public expenditure and encouraging greater private and community investment to achieve international goals and targets in the area of health, nutrition and sanitation consistent with public policy objectives related to equitable access;
- Implementing policies to improve physical and economic access by all to sufficient, nutritionally adequate and safe foods;
- Embarking on prioritized and verifiable programmes for the prevention, treatment and control of communicable disease, particularly HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal disease and respiratory disease, including the enhancement of public health infrastructures;
- Giving priority to strengthening the provision of social services related to health care, including nutrition, disease prevention, immunization, education, clean water and safe sanitation;
- Embracing programmes geared toward providing care for people living with and affected by HIV/AIDS and for children orphaned by AIDS;
- Encouraging domestic research capacity-building and fully exploiting traditional knowledge systems in the areas of health, as well as adopting best practices elsewhere;
- Developing and implementing prophylactic programmes for preventable childhood diseases and conditions;
- Increasing the availability and accessibility of safe drinking water, particularly for rural populations.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Enhancing ODA and other forms of support, including technical support, for health, safe water and sanitation and supporting LDCs in ensuring access to and availability of safe drinking water by the year 2005;
- Assisting the LDCs to develop sustainable capabilities to provide their people with access to sufficient, nutritionally adequate and safe food;
- Assisting LDCs to set up effective health infrastructures and to increase access to necessary medicines and vaccines, including urging the pharmaceutical industry to make drugs related to communicable diseases, particularly HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, more widely available and affordable, particularly for the LDCs, while reaffirming the need for strict compliance with safety and quality assurance and other relevant laws and regulations;
- Recognizing and protecting traditional knowledge while continuing discussions on the subject in the appropriate fora;
- Supporting LDC Governments in expanding and strengthening programmes related to HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other communicable diseases, in partnership with NGOs, the private sector and other national stakeholders;
- Supporting research and analysis on the effects of environmental pollution on human health as a factor limiting economic growth and development;
- Supporting LDCs' Governments in strengthening programmes for control of epidemics, including quarantine processes and infrastructure.
40. People living in extreme poverty suffer not only from lack of income but also from lack of access to basic social infrastructure. Poverty fosters social exclusion and exposure to shocks, man-made or natural; it also severely limits the capacity to withstand such shocks, which can increase the number of people living in poverty. Actions by LDCs and their partners should include promoting greater social integration and strengthening, where appropriate, mechanisms for the participation and protection of all people, including disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and persons. Measures should be taken to ensure respect for and protection of the human rights of migrants, migrant workers and their families, to eliminate the increasing acts of racism and xenophobia in many societies and to promote greater harmony and tolerance in all societies.
41. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Supporting civil society, including traditional and community organizations, in efforts to invest in building social capital and social networks, particularly for the poor and marginalized;
- Promoting appropriate legislation for greater social integration and social inclusion, paying special attention to minorities and other vulnerable groups;
- Promoting education programmes that emphasize tolerance based on race, religion, sex, age or ethnicity;
- Promoting diversification of income sources and crop and plot utilization, with the full participation of those involved at the community level;
- Establishing and strengthening microcredit institutions in view of their capacity to make available credit, mobilize savings and provide related financial and business services for an increasing number of people living in poverty, particularly women.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Strengthening support for policies and measures in LDCs that enhance social integration and social safety nets, including those which encourage voluntary actions, as well as organizations and mechanisms in the governmental and non-governmental sectors promoting such policies;
- Strengthening the capability and encouraging the cooperation of relevant UN agencies to promote social integration and social safety nets, particularly in complex emergencies and in post-conflict and disaster management strategies;
- Supporting the strengthening of existing and emerging microcredit institutions in LDCs;
- Providing a greater financial response to United Nations consolidated humanitarian appeals in respect of LDCs.
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42. The capacity of LDCs to accelerate growth and sustainable development is impeded by various structural and supply-side constraints. Among these constraints are low productivity; insufficient financial resources; inadequate physical and social infrastructure; lack of skilled human resources; degradation of the environment; weak institutional capacities, including trade support services, in both public and private sectors; low technological capacity; lack of an enabling environment to support entrepreneurship and promote public and private partnership; and lack of access of the poor, particularly women, to productive resources and services. Geographical handicaps faced by landlocked and island LDCs aggravate the impact of these impediments. Critical factors to stimulate productive capacity include: stable macro-economic conditions, a conducive legal and regulatory framework, adequate institutional, physical and social infrastructure and a vibrant private sector. An effective dialogue between government and the private sector, as well as policy consistency within trade, investment and enterprise development, is needed to underpin an enabling environment for economic development. It is also important to encourage and promote good corporate practices. Concrete support should be based upon the national programmes of action or poverty eradication strategies of LDCs.
43. The following goals and targets may be pursued, in accordance with national development policies and strategies:
- Increasing road networks or connections in LDCs to the current level of other developing countries and urban road capacities, including sewerage and other related facilities, by 2010;
- Modernizing and expanding ports and airports and their ancillary facilities to enhance their capacities by 2010;
- Modernizing and expanding railway connections and facilities, increasing their capacities to the level of those in other developing countries by the end of the decade;
- Increasing LDCs' communication networks, including telecommunication and postal services, and improving access of the poor to such services in urban and rural areas to reach the current levels in other developing countries;
- Increasing computer literacy among students in higher institutions and universities by 50 per cent and in junior and high schools by 25 per cent by 2015;
- Increasing average telephone density to 5 main lines per 100 inhabitants and Internet connections to 10 users per 100 inhabitants by the year 2010./12
44. A paramount objective of the actions by LDCs and their development partners should be to continue to strengthen productive capacities by overcoming structural constraints. Access to finance by way of domestic resource mobilization, foreign direct investment and increased ODA resources will be critical in this regard. LDCs should be treated with flexibility in the application of relevant multilateral disciplines, without compromising those disciplines, so as to allow them a degree of freedom in providing appropriate incentives with a view to improving productive capacity, diversification, and export capability and raising competitiveness.
45. In the LDCs, national development programmes can be effective only if they attempt to address the supply capacity weaknesses of this group of countries.
46. The ongoing process of globalization and interdependence is potentially a powerful and dynamic force that can contribute to growth, poverty eradication and sustainable development for LDCs. However, the LDCs have not been able to take full advantage of these opportunities, owing to supply and demand side constraints facing them. Strong actions are therefore required to help LDCs to integrate beneficially into the world economy, reversing their marginalization in global trade, finance, investment and technology flows. In this respect, addressing supply capacity weaknesses by building productive capacity will be crucial.
47. The objective of actions by LDCs and their development partners is to provide a reliable physical infrastructure, which is essential for efficient operation of existing productive assets and enterprises, attracting new investment, and assuring meaningful economic development. The specific geographical constraints and problems of land-locked and small island LDCs deserve particular attention.
48. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Providing support to the development and strengthening of critical areas of physical infrastructure, including rural infrastructure, transportation, energy, telecommunications, information and communications technologies, and water, including through the encouragement of more private investment;
- Promoting a bilateral, subregional and regional approach to economic infrastructure rehabilitation and development in order to gain economies of scale and attract both FDI and donor funding.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Supporting, inter alia through ODA, LDC efforts to upgrade and develop physical infrastructures, by augmenting public investment in maintaining, upgrading and developing such infrastructure;
- Providing technical support and private sector guarantees to support infrastructural programmes in order to facilitate bilateral, subregional and regional complementarities, including between land-locked LDCs and their transit partners;
- Supporting infrastructure development through inter alia public investment and by facilitating private investment in order to enhance trade, at the national, regional, and international levels;
- Supporting LDCs' efforts to attract private investment and facilitate the transfer of the relevant technology, in accordance with relevant multilateral agreements, for the development of physical infrastructure.
49. Enterprises in LDCs are characterized by employment of low-level technologies, lack of resources to acquire new technologies, and low capability for upgrading old technologies or adapting and utilizing new ones when they are available. Transfer and diffusion of technology by transnational corporations could be promoted by conducive policies, regulatory transparency, market liberalization and improved absorptive capacity of local enterprises and by addressing the problems of high cost of technology and financial constraints. The very low level of technology in LDCs, including in the areas of new technologies such as ICTs, biotechnology and environmentally sound technologies, will need to be addressed through concerted actions by LDCs and their development partners. LDCs are facing the danger of increased marginalization as access to global networks, new information technologies and advanced services become driving forces of integration into the world economy. In this context, research and development, including inter alia through the private sector, has a strategic role to play in strengthening know-how and building the necessary special knowledge base in LDCs to prevent a widening digital divide.
50. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Articulating policies and measures to foster an enabling environment to facilitate the acquisition and development of technology and to enhance innovation capacity;
- Attracting FDI that is conducive to transfer of technology, and building up supply capabilities and promoting inter-firm as well as horizontal and vertical linkages in order to foster the diffusion of new technologies within the economy while promoting its integration;
- Promoting appropriate and sustainable technologies by investing in local research and development and capacity-building programmes and by utilizing new and emerging technologies, including the Internet.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Through financial, technical and/or other assistance, supporting LDCs' efforts to achieve levels of investment in infrastructure for education and training that are consistent with building local technological capabilities, including through innovative private partnerships;
- Assisting LDC firms to link up with firms in developed countries in ways that would play a catalytic role in LDC technological development;
- Considering innovative mechanisms with a view to according LDCs special treatment in facilitating acquisition, transfer and development of technology to help LDCs gain access to technology;
- Fostering concerted international partnership to bring the benefits of ICT to LDCs so as to improve connectivity and reduce the "digital divide";
- Promoting linkages between research and development institutions in the LDCs and their development partners;
- Complying fully with already existing multilateral commitments in the area of technology transfer, particularly by providing incentives as provided for and agreed in article 66(2) of the TRIPS Agreement;
- Taking concrete measures to facilitate access to or provide technology and equipment inter alia as part of ODA.
51. Production in most LDCs, particularly in the private sector, is dominated by smallholder farmers, small enterprises and the informal sector, including industrial and service enterprises which supply most basic goods and services and generate the greater part of employment and incomes. However, the majority of these enterprises have difficulties in expanding into medium and large-size firms, and usually lack sufficient skills and financial and non-financial business development services, access to finance, technology and managerial and entrepreneurial skills.
52. The private sector can play a crucial role in poverty eradication by contributing to economic growth and creating employment. Specific attention should be given to the needs of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, including enterprises owned by female entrepreneurs, and to the development of a sustainable financial sector.
53. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Creating an enabling environment for the development of entrepreneurship, including by providing access to finance, including new and innovative forms of financing, as well as targeted business support services to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in rural and urban areas, including female entrepreneurs;
- Promoting the informal sector through an appropriate legal and institutional framework, including property rights, that facilitates their graduation to the formal sector and improves access to energy, land, water and credit;
- Creating mechanisms for public-private sector dialogue and partnership in order to enhance coherence between trade, investment and enterprise policies and in this regard assist capacity-building of representative business associations.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Complementing the domestic efforts of LDCs by supporting programmes to improve access of informal, small and medium-sized enterprises to financial and business services, inter alia through public and private venture capital funds and partnerships as well as microcredit mechanisms, and to build the capacity of local sectoral trade support institutions in both the private and public sectors, as a means of transferring and diffusing technology;
- Providing support to strengthen managerial and technical skills and other business support services, including access to information;
- Encouraging public-private dialogue and partnerships with LDC enterprises to facilitate foreign direct investment flows, including technology and other intangible assets;
- Providing support for capacity-building programmes that provide training, business-development services, networking and partnering, and the institutional framework to foster entrepreneurial capabilities, managerial and technical skills, as well as the growth of internationally competitive small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
54. The levels of production and consumption of energy in the majority of LDCs are inadequate and unstable. The majority of people, especially in rural areas, have to rely heavily on traditional sources of energy which are injurious to health and the environment. Efficient energy systems are a key element of economic growth, productivity increases, investment in improved technology, lower costs, and a higher level of national welfare. Energy also plays a key role in enhancing competitiveness and in attracting private investment. A strong, efficient, competitive energy sector can support technologies that promote a mix of cost-effective, clean fossil and renewable energy sources for growth and sustainable development.
55. Access to energy, transport and communication systems at affordable prices is important to sustainable development and poverty eradication. This will require, over the next few years, large-scale investments and the mobilization of an important amount of domestic and external resources. While domestic public investments have a positive role to play, in view of scarcities of domestic resources in LDCs, it will also be important to mobilize external capital, including official development assistance and foreign direct investment.
56. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Facilitating the availability of affordable energy, including through the introduction and promotion of innovative financing schemes in rural areas, such as micro-financing and cooperative arrangements for credit and licensing agreements, in order to encourage the involvement of the private sector in providing energy services;
- Enhancing capacities in energy production, trade, and distribution;
- Promoting renewable energy development by putting in place an enabling policy environment, with appropriate institutional arrangements;
- Promoting policies that address energy requirements and, in this context, giving as appropriate preference to cost-effective energy sources, including fossil and renewable energy development;
- Encouraging regional, subregional and bilateral cooperation in research and development, as well as investment to increase the production and consumption of both renewable and clean fossil fuels and to encourage the interconnection of energy grids;
- Attracting domestic and foreign investments to increase energy infrastructure by creating a predictable and transparent framework of rules and regulations.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Supporting the LDCs in their development of energy resources, including renewable energy, natural gas and other clean energy sources, inter alia through financial assistance and by facilitating private sector investment;
- Facilitating the transfer of technology for the development of clean energy technologies in accordance with relevant international agreements;
- Promoting capacity building in the energy sector, including through national and regional centres of excellence;
- Addressing LDCs' concerns in coping with increases in prices of energy imports, inter alia by supporting LDC efforts to diversify sources of energy, where feasible, and to take measures so that energy policies are supportive of LDCs' efforts to eradicate poverty;
- Supporting LDC efforts to diversify sources of energy, where feasible, in order to reduce dependence on any one source.
57. Agriculture is the pivotal sector in the LDCs, as it underpins food security, foreign exchange earnings, industrial and rural development, and employment generation. LDCs and their partners should pursue further reforms, taking into account the developmental concerns of LDCs, to improve the productive capacity of agriculture and fisheries, enhance productivity and competitiveness, diversify exports and move up the value chain in the processing and export of agricultural products. Increasing the productive capacity of agriculture and fisheries and the income of people working in these sectors in LDCs is therefore a key priority. It requires new investments in regional and national agricultural and fishery research and rural infrastructure, extension of better farming and fishing practices and innovative and sustainable technologies, as well as marketing advice, structured and effective finance and greater tenure security, including access to and control over land by female farmers irrespective of their marital status.
58. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Increasing public and private investments in agriculture and programmes for rural economic and social infrastructure, including improving access to rural credit facilities, providing improved investment incentives in accordance with their international commitments, as well as supporting institutions involved in research and development and extension services;
- Strengthening and supporting national, subregional and regional institutions for agriculture and rural development and facilitating their adaptation to changing conditions;
- Increasing access of the poor, particularly women, to support services and productive resources, particularly land, water, credit and extension services;
- Encouraging structural adaptations in production, processing and marketing systems so as to respond to evolving consumption patterns and to reduce costs and build on complementarities between production of cash and food crops and livestock, fisheries and forestry;
- Taking appropriate measures to implement national programmes of action derived from the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, in particular measures to conserve soil fertility and forestry and rehabilitate marginal lands;
- Facilitating access of farmers to appropriate high-yield varieties of seeds for both food staples and cash crops;
- Facilitating access of products to domestic and external markets;
- Promoting agro-based industries as a means to improve agricultural technology, raise rural incomes and foster stronger linkages between agriculture and industry;
- Diversifying production and exports from low value-added to high value-added products;
- Strengthening farmers' capacities so as to improve crop intensity, land cultivation, production, harvesting and storage systems;
- Developing agricultural marketing systems and storage and other related facilities and services.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Providing support for LDCs' undertakings to improve agricultural productivity and increase competitiveness, inter alia through ODA and increased foreign direct investment;
- Facilitating access of LDCs to appropriate agricultural technologies and practices;
- Supporting LDCs' actions for the implementation of the national programmes of action deriving from the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, in particular measures to conserve soil, fertility and forestry and rehabilitate marginal lands;
- Supporting the mechanization of agriculture for higher productivity;
- Supporting LDCs in developing irrigation infrastructure to reduce heavy dependence on rainfall;
- Supporting development and expansion of social services and physical infrastructure to augment agricultural production;
- Providing support for LDC R&D policies and actions by, among others, improving access to advanced scientific and technological breakthroughs in the field of agriculture, including biotechnologies.
59. Manufacturing is critical to the pursuit of sustained growth in the LDCs because of their potential to enhance technological capacities, advance the diversification of production and exports, add value to exports, and foster intersectoral and inter-industry linkages. For a number of LDCs, mining is an important actual or potential source of foreign exchange earnings. Recent reforms, which lead to modernization of manufacturing and mining industry, have enhanced prospects of private foreign and domestic investment in mining.
60. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Enhancing public investment with a view to supporting rehabilitation and sustainable development of the manufacturing sector and fostering domestic and foreign private investment;
- Employing selective, performance-related and time-bound protection of infant industries while seeking to end infant industry protection as soon as possible. Such protection should be used strictly as a transitional provision to address market failures such as public and private monopolies and promote learning and capacity-building for future competitiveness;
- Creating a framework, including by removing barriers discouraging private sector initiatives, that fosters horizontal and vertical ties among manufacturing firms and promotes collective efficiency, stimulates learning, and facilitates their access to infrastructure, training, information and financial intermediation;
- Developing capacity, including through public/private partnerships, to undertake geological mapping, maintain an updated data bank on mineral resources, and provide physical infrastructure in known mineral-rich areas with a view to stimulating private-sector involvement in mining;
- Encouraging local processing and value adding, including through diversification, and assisting informal, small-scale artisanal mining entities to upgrade into organized, formal small-scale mining units.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Supporting LDCs' efforts to increase public and private investment, and the transfer of environmentally sound technologies on favourable terms, including concessional and preferential terms as mutually agreed and in accordance with relevant international agreements, in the manufacturing and processing sector;
- Providing technical support for geological mapping and compilation of basic data on local mineral potential, product adaptation and market studies for small and medium-scale mines, as well as acquisition of new technologies, skills and modern methods of management by small-scale mining entities, including facilitating LDC partnerships with private investors.
61. Lack of food security is the most typical face of poverty for both urban and rural people in LDCs. Some 70 per cent of the poor and food-insecure are rural dwellers, many of whom are small farmers who produce on the brink of survival, or landless people trying to sell their labour. Poverty eradication is critical in improving access to food. Food and nutritional security must be part of a larger framework of sustainable rural development and of poverty eradication. In many countries, women are responsible for the bulk of food production, but they need the right to own land and to inherit land, inter alia in order to obtain credit and training, as well as tools, and to increase the productivity of the land and to be able to better feed themselves and their families. All efforts will be made towards advanced implementation of the target of the World Food Summit to reduce by half the number of undernourished people by 2015. The high rate of HIV/AIDS prevalence in rural areas is having devastating effects on agricultural productivity and food security and needs to be addressed.
62. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Reviewing and revising, as appropriate, their national plans, programmes and strategies with a view to achieving food security and rural development;
- Strengthening local institutions and enacting policies and legislation that provide for more equitable and secure access to ownership and control of natural resources, particularly land, water, fisheries and forests, by both women and men;
- Strengthening agriculture and rural development support institutions and facilitating their adaptation to changing conditions, in consultation with users and giving due importance to gender-based and other inequalities in access to services;
- Promoting rural industries as a means to improve agricultural technology and raise rural incomes;
- Supporting and encouraging grassroots development activities, rural cooperatives and peasants' initiatives;
- Providing facilities for rural credit;
- Continuing the process of liberalizing trade, expanding the sources of food supply and encouraging efficiencies in agricultural production, which will expand economic growth and food security;
- Improving transport infrastructure and free flow of information with a view to more effective movement of food from surplus to deficit regions;
- Developing integrated nutrition projects for vulnerable sections of LDCs' population;
- Undertaking legislative and administrative reforms to give women full and equal access to economic resources, including the right to inheritance and ownership of land and other property, credit, natural resources and appropriate technology.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Assisting countries in reviewing and formulating national plans for achieving food security and rural development;
- Providing technical and other forms of assistance to LDCs to attain food security and implement rural development programmes;
- Providing support to programmes and initiatives in LDCs, inter alia through ODA to improve rural credit facilities and enhance investment in rural economic and social infrastructure;
- Facilitating food security through bilateral, regional and multilateral approaches, including purchase in regional markets in LDCs;
- Fully and effectively implementing the Decision on Measures Concerning the Possible Negative Effects of the Reform Programme on Least-Developed and Net-Food-Importing Developing Countries adopted in Marrakech in 1994 and endorsed by the World Food Summit in 1996;
- Considering helping LDCs to cope with rising food requirements, including through market-based mechanisms providing insurance for small-scale farmers against sudden terms-of-trade losses on agricultural export markets;
- Assisting LDCs' efforts to boost food production productivity to the benefit of the poor;
- Providing adequate food aid to LDCs facing severe food shortages, including food emergencies, and extending assistance to early warning systems, while seeking to avoid disruption of domestic food production.
63. International tourism is one of the few economic sectors through which LDCs have managed to increase their participation in the global economy. It can be an engine of employment creation, poverty eradication, ensuring gender equality, and protection of the natural and cultural heritage. These facts principally result from the existence, in most LDCs, of significant comparative advantages that are conducive to viable tourism specialization. Yet, tourism is not among priority sectors for socio-economic development in many LDCs.
64. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Promoting a climate conducive to tourism;
- Recognizing the potential of the tourism sector in national development strategies, and ensuring effective participation of domestic tourism authorities in the national decision-making process;
- Determining the most desirable tourism product specialization in order to guide potential investors in their decisions;
- Promoting domestic and foreign investment in the tourism industry and related sectors with full respect for natural and cultural heritage;
- Taking measures to facilitate local tourism operators' access to and participation in global information and distribution systems;
- Formulating strategies to achieve the most beneficial linkages between tourism and land, sea and, particularly, air transport.
(ii) Action by development partners
- Supporting LDCs' efforts to encourage investment in the tourism industry and enterprise development in the wider tourism economy, in particular through increased access to finance and the development of local human resources;
- Assisting LDCs in their efforts to enhance their economic efficiency, competitiveness and the sustainability of tourism operations, in particular by assisting their efforts to access and participate in global distribution systems and use appropriate technology;
- Assisting LDCs in their efforts to promote synergy between transport and tourism, with particular reference to air transport;
- Considering providing financial, technical and/or other forms of assistance to support LDCs' efforts to strengthen their national capacities in the field of tourism.
65. Trade will increasingly continue to be relied upon by LDCs to generate the resources for financing growth and development to complement those from ODA and private capital flows. The share of trade in GDP remains relatively high in most LDCs compared with other developing countries. However, the participation of LDCs in international trade is severely limited by a number of factors, in particular demand and supply-side constraints, as well as unfavourable market access conditions in markets affecting the products of greatest export interest to them, which largely explain their marginal share of 0.4 per cent of world trade in 1998. Coping with increased global market competitiveness also presents an important and great policy challenge to LDCs, and how they respond to it will be decisive in their success in regional and global integration strategies. Concrete action by the LDCs themselves, as well as their development partners, will therefore be required in order to overcome these constraints and transform trade into a powerful engine for growth and poverty eradication, as well as an effective instrument for drawing benefits from globalization and trade liberalization. Coherent actions by the United Nations, the Bretton Woods institutions and the World Trade Organization along with the actions of Governments remain an essential element of overall policy reform. Integration into the world economy is an insufficient but necessary precondition for long-term sustainability of poverty eradication. Integration of LDCs into the global economy can only be achieved through an integrated approach, including trade and macroeconomic policy, private sector development, finance, infrastructure, education and other supply-side measures. Regional integration, compatible with multilateral trade rules, can be an important stepping stone for LDCs to integrate themselves into the world economy and can help make liberalization work by enhancing the credibility and transparency of policy reforms. Regional integration can contribute to increasing the size of markets and thus make them more attractive to FDI.
66. The actions below relate to external trade and related areas, commodities and regional trading arrangements, and should be read in conjunction with policies and actions under other commitments.
(i) Actions by LDCs
67. Actions by LDCs will include:
- Strengthening efforts to integrate trade policies into national development policies towards poverty eradication;
- Capacity-building in trade policy and related areas such as tariffs, customs, competition, investment and technology, including through the use of the Integrated Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance for LDCs (IF);
- Improving economic openness and policy predictability, as well as sound macro-economic policy;
- Developing human and institutional capacities for effective and informed participation in the multilateral trading system and for effective negotiations on trade, finance, technology transfer and related areas;
- Removing procedural and institutional bottlenecks that increase transaction costs, including through efforts to improve efficiency, efficacy and transparency by the implementation of trade facilitation measures and improving standards and quality control;
- Taking advantage of market access opportunities through the identification and strengthening of lead subsectors in order to exploit actual and potential supply capacity;
- Promoting trade and the competitiveness of exports in order to facilitate the integration of domestic enterprises into the international economy;
- Intensifying horizontal and vertical diversification, including local processing of primary commodities;
- Promoting subregional and regional cooperation, including for export promotion, and improving transport infrastructure to reduce costs and increase trade flows, taking into account the needs of landlocked LDCs and transit neighbours;
- Implementing measures to enable women in LDCs, especially women entrepreneurs, to exploit the opportunities created by trade policy reforms and to mitigate any negative effects on them of these reforms;
- Ensuring that food, agricultural trade, and overall trade policies are conducive to fostering food security for all through fair and market oriented agricultural trading system.
(ii) Actions by development partners
68. Development partners will aim, including through actions within relevant multilateral fora, at:
- Assisting LDCs in capacity-building in trade policy and related areas such as tariffs, customs, competition, investment and technology, particularly through the use of the Integrated Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance for LDCs (IF);
- Assisting LDCs in developing human and institutional capacities for effective negotiations and informed participation in the multilateral trading system in order that LDCs reap maximum benefits from it;
- Assisting LDCs in removing procedural and institutional bottlenecks that increase transaction costs, including through efforts to improve efficiency, efficacy and transparency by the implementation of trade facilitation measures and improving standards and quality control;
- Assisting LDCs in intensifying horizontal and vertical diversification, including local processing of primary commodities;
- Providing financial, technical and/or other forms of assistance in support of LDCs' efforts to improve their transport infrastructure, particularly the efforts of island and landlocked LDCs, so as to reduce costs and increase trade flows;
- Supporting, inter alia through financial, technical and/or other forms of assistance, LDCs' efforts to promote subregional and regional cooperation, including for export promotion;
- Assisting LDCs in their efforts to implement measures to enable women in LDCs, especially women entrepreneurs, to exploit the opportunities created by trade policy reforms and to mitigate any negative effects on them of these reforms;
Market access
- Improving preferential market access for LDCs by working towards the objective of duty-free and quota-free market access for all LDCs' products. This will apply in the markets of developed countries. Improvements in market access for LDCs should be granted on a secure and predictable basis. They should be combined with simplified rules of origin that provide transparency and predictability so as to help ensure that LDCs benefit from the market access granted, and multi-donor programmes, such as the Integrated Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance (IF), to upgrade LDCs' production and export capacities and capabilities. Consideration should also be given to proposals for developing countries to contribute to improved market access for LDCs' exports;
Special and differential treatment
- Implementing in full and as a matter of priority the special and differential measures in favour of LDCs as contained in the Final Act of the Uruguay Round. New measures for LDCs should also be considered as part of future multilateral trade negotiations;
- Continuing to improve the generalized system of preferences (GSP) for LDCs, inter alia by reducing administrative and procedural complexities and by making it more predictable;
- In any appropriate negotiations, examining the possibility of strengthening the effectiveness of non-actionable categories of subsidies in order to take into account the needs of LDCs;
- Increasing support to enhance agricultural production and productivity;
- Strengthening, as required, technical assistance for the implementation of multilateral trade agreements and considering making such technical assistance an integral part of commitments to be taken in future trade agreements. Technical cooperation in areas related to the implementation of existing or possible new WTO agreements should complement LDCs' trade policy reforms;
- Providing technical assistance for the implementation of the WTO Agreements on Technical Barriers to Trade and on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures with a view to responding to the special problems faced by the LDCs;
Accession to WTO
- As some developing countries, including a considerable number of LDCs, are not members of WTO, facilitating the accession process on the basis of terms that take into account their stage of development and the basic principles of special and differential treatment. In the meantime, supporting efforts of LDCs already seeking to accede, which will include:
- Ensuring that the accession process is more effective and less onerous and tailored to their specific economic conditions, inter alia by streamlining WTO procedural requirements;
- Providing for automatic eligibility of all acceding LDCs for all provisions on special and differential treatment in existing WTO agreements;
- In view of LDCs' special economic situation and their development, financial and trade needs, WTO members should exercise restraint, where appropriate, in seeking concessions in the negotiations on market access for goods and services in keeping with the letter and spirit of the provisions of the Ministerial Decision on Measures in Favour of the Least Developed Countries;
- Seeking from LDCs in the accession stage only commitments that are commensurate with their level of development;
- Continuing to provide adequate and predictable assistance to LDCs for their accession process, including technical, financial or other forms of assistance;
- Accelerating the accession process for LDCs that are in the process of accession to WTO.
Standard-setting and quality control
- Continuing to provide support for effective participation by LDCs in international standard-setting organizations in order to address their concerns;
- Providing assistance to LDCs in developing infrastructure to ensure quality control and conformity with international standards of their products;
- Adhering to international standards, guidelines and recommendations when applying sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and other technical standards as laid out in the SPS Agreement, and avoiding taking unilateral actions in a manner inconsistent with the Agreement;
- Taking measures, where appropriate, to compensate for trade losses incurred by the LDCs as a result of unilateral SPS trade measures found to be inconsistent with the SPS Agreement, or, in the case of disputes among non-WTO members, measures inconsistent with agreed international standards and guidelines;
Commodities
- LDCs are particularly vulnerable to high fluctuations in resource flows through their exposure to external terms of trade shocks. The recent downward swing in the prices of primary commodities and the upward swing in petroleum prices are only the latest examples of the effect of volatility of commodity prices on the poorest countries. Diversification of the export base would therefore help LDCs to overcome one of the most important weaknesses of their development. Furthermore, economic development in LDCs would benefit from policies aimed at developing the informal sector and the small and medium-size enterprises in LDCs;
- Supporting capacity building in the areas of research and development, production, processing and marketing of commodities, including addition of non-traditional commodities where market niches offer fresh opportunities;
- Supporting diversification programmes in LDCs, including by strengthening activities covered by the Second Account of the Common Fund for Commodities and adaptive research and development (R&D) on production and processing aimed particularly at smallholders and small and medium-sized enterprises in these countries;
- Continuing to provide technical and financial support to enhance the productive capacities of LDCs through stimulating investment, human resources development and enhancing technological capacities with a view to increasing the commodity exports of LDCs;
- Providing assistance, including financial, technical and/or other forms of assistance, to LDCs in their efforts to create essential infrastructure to facilitate the functioning of liberalized domestic and regional markets;
- Encouraging private sector initiatives and supporting the establishment of partnerships with foreign companies as inter alia a vehicle for the transfer of production and marketing skills;
- Supporting LDCs' efforts in building institutional and technical capacities to gain access to and make use of modern risk management techniques and tools;
- Continuing to provide compensatory financing in order to mitigate adverse consequences of commodity price volatility on LDC economies;
- Supporting LDCs' efforts to develop and take advantage of niche markets for goods such as horticultural, meat, fish and organic products and handicrafts, as well as cultural products;
Regional trading arrangements
- Taking appropriate account in regional integration arrangements of particular constraints that LDCs face as a result of their different level of development and supporting them to enhance their production, supply and trading capacities, as well as their capacity to attract investment; providing support to the process of trade and investment liberalization and macro-economic and structural policy reform, as well as programmes at the regional level intended to enhance the benefits of integration for LDCs; and providing support to concrete joint subregional projects involving LDCs and non-LDCs participating in a subregional trade arrangement and intended to enhance the benefits of integration for LDCs;
- Making use of the flexibilities provided for in multilateral trade rules relating to regional trade arrangements involving LDCs with the aim of fostering their smooth and beneficial integration into the world economy;
Integrated Framework (IF) and other trade-related technical cooperation
- Integrating trade and trade-related technical assistance in country-specific strategies;
- Implementing expeditiously and effectively the Integrated Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance for LDCs, taking account of the pilot scheme;
- Encouraging new and additional contributions to the IF Trust Fund, as well as providing stable and predictable funding for the implementation of the Integrated Framework, including where appropriate considering an increase from the regular budgets of the core agencies, as well as through bilateral programmes;
- Continuing to implement existing programmes for coordinated trade-related technical assistance such as the Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Programme (JITAP) by providing systematic and sustained assistance to the Programme and considering expanding it to cover other African LDCs;
- Providing technical and financial assistance to help LDCs create institutional and human capacities in production, processing and increasing domestic value-added, marketing and management know-how in the field of international trade.
69. Services such as tourism, transport and business services are increasingly important to LDCs, both as a direct source of foreign exchange earnings and for the expansion of the production base and diversification of exports. Tradable services are important to all LDCs, in particular to small island LDCs, which have a limited capacity for merchandise production. The development of niche markets for goods or services in which LDCs may have a comparative advantage represents an opportunity for LDCs to diversify their exports.
70. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Encouraging the strengthening and development of domestic and international services, including the new and emerging ones such as those that rely on telecommunications and ICTs, e.g. data processing services;
- Improving the availability and efficiency of infrastructure facilities to support services trade;
- Establishing appropriate institutional and legal frameworks to promote development of the domestic supply capacity in services and to ensure the creation of a competitive environment;
- Promoting regional trade in services among developing countries through harmonized legislation in selected services sectors for regional liberalization.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Supporting, through financial, technical and/or other forms of assistance, individual LDC efforts to develop the infrastructure for tradable services in which they have a comparative advantage;
- Assisting LDCs' efforts to improve export promotion and marketing;
- Supporting LDCs' efforts in modernizing facilities and equipment, as well as upgrading skills in information technology, including through transfer of technology to service sectors in accordance with relevant WTO Agreements;
- Providing support for LDCs in their strengthening of local banking systems and other financial services to make them competitive;
- Assisting LDCs through financial, technical and/or other forms of assistance to enhance their supply capacity in tradable services, especially in tourism, air transport and other sectors of interest to LDCs;
- Removing restrictions and enhancing market access opportunities for service exports from LDCs, as provided for in relevant WTO Agreements in areas of export interest to them.
71. The LDCs are structurally more exposed than most other developing countries to external economic shocks. LDCs also suffer the consequences of major global and regional economic and financial disturbances and increases in the prices of critical imports such as energy products. The typical export dominance of a single commodity or service sector makes their economies particularly vulnerable to adverse physical or economic shocks.
72. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Pursuing balanced policies that seek to limit transmission of external shocks into the domestic economy while promoting gradual liberalization;
- Developing safety nets to protect the poor and vulnerable segments of the population against the consequences of external shocks;
- Intensifying efforts to improve international competitiveness, including through trade facilitation measures and the use of electronic commerce and other facilities based on modern technology;
- Encouraging diversification in economic activities that are less prone to adverse external economic shocks, based on local competitive advantages. Diversification efforts should take place within a broader and integrated approach;
- Strengthening domestic financial systems through the implementation of an appropriate framework of rules and regulations, including through adequate prudential and supervisory mechanisms.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Pursuing policies that aim at minimizing the risks of adverse external economic shocks and promoting a more predictable and stable international economic environment;
- Continuing to provide contingency and short-term emergency financial assistance, including balance-of-payments support through appropriate institutions, with a view to assisting LDCs to cope with the consequences of serious external shocks;
- Assisting LDCs in their efforts to strengthen their financial systems.
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73. Long-term threats to the global environment are a common concern of all countries, and there is an urgent need to address this issue on the basis of the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. The LDCs are acutely vulnerable to a variety of natural shocks, including natural disasters, and severe structural handicaps, and are susceptible to global environmental phenomena such as the loss of biological diversity and adverse effects of climate change which inter alia exacerbates drought, desertification and sea level rise. LDCs are at present contributing the least to the emission of greenhouse gases, while they are the most vulnerable and have the least capacity to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. Such vulnerabilities generate considerable uncertainties and impair the development prospects of these countries, and they tend to affect the poor most, in particular women and children. Environmental degradation in LDCs also results from poverty that deprives households, village communities or enterprises of the means and technology required to preserve the environment. Economic growth, social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities in LDCs and are themselves essential to meeting national and global sustainability objectives. Eradicating poverty is an indispensable requirement for sustainable development and has to be addressed in an integrated and comprehensive manner, taking fully into account the legitimate priority needs of LDCs.
74. LDC-specific objectives defined in Agenda 21 and Rio + 5, as well as commitments from multilateral environmental agreements, must be the basis for actions.
75. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Developing and implementing national strategies for sustainable development, with the assistance of development partners, so as to reverse trends in the loss of national environmental resources;
- Increasing efforts to ensure integrated responses to environmental and economic constraints, in the light of country-specific environmental and economic constraints and profiles of poverty and vulnerability;
- Strengthening the institutional and technological capacity to promote sustained economic growth and sustainable development by increasing the ability of policy makers to formulate and implement relevant legislation and environmental management plans;
- Strengthening the important role of women in land and forest management and in the choice and dissemination of appropriate technology;
- Encouraging sensitization and advocacy activities through greater reliance on local communities and their traditional knowledge and practices, civil society and educational institutions;
- Building their capacity in order to be able to respond adequately to existing and new environmental challenges;
- Identifying the special vulnerabilities and possible adaptation measures that need to be fully integrated into the country's development strategies, including development cooperation programmes.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Continuing to make available financial resources from all sources, including new and additional resources on an adequate and predictable basis and technical or other resources and facilitating and financing access to and transfer of environmentally sound technologies on favourable terms, including concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed, and supporting LDCs' efforts in environmental protection in the context of sustainable development;
- Bringing to fruition the principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development by, inter alia, and where appropriate, granting special priority to LDCs in international support, as well as facilitating relevant actions as recommended in the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and implementing multilateral environmental agreements to which they are parties, inter alia the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. This involves, among other elements, financial transfers and capacity-building efforts, including for the development and dissemination of modern and nonpolluting energy resources, as well as improved technology for traditional energy resources, including fuel wood, especially in rural areas;
- Renewing the international community's commitment towards LDCs to continue to support the formulation of national environmental policies, development of human resources and institutional capacities, and environmental data bases;
- Supporting the strengthening of the capacity of the LDCs to participate in international environmental negotiations;
- Providing assistance, through financial, technical and/or other forms of assistance, to LDCs' efforts to develop and implement national strategies for sustainable development in every country so as to reverse the current trends in the loss of national environmental resources;
- Supporting the LDCs in their efforts to integrate the environmental component into national development policies and strategies;
- Assisting LDCs in establishing public-private sector partnerships to address environmental challenges.
76. Post-emergency action, using effective and flexible mechanisms, must ease the transition from the emergency phase to the development phase, promote the socio-economic reintegration of the parts of the population affected, remove as far as possible the causes of the crisis and strengthen institutions and ownership by local and national actors of their role in formulating a sustainable development policy. Both LDCs and development partners should encourage the involvement of the private sector, inter alia in the areas of disaster mitigation and disaster preparedness.
77. Actions by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Actions by LDCs
- Strengthening disaster mitigation policies and mechanisms, with a particular focus on the poor, especially women and children, and with the involvement of local communities and NGOs in disaster mitigation, early warning systems and preparedness and relief efforts;
- Pursuing or intensifying efforts to strengthen national early warning and forecasting mechanisms, implementing preventive measures and sensitizing relevant parts of the population to the benefits of disaster preparedness and prevention;
- Developing and implementing comprehensive disaster mitigation and preparedness, policies and actions. Such policies should also respond to prolonged disasters with a slow onset such as drought, which often has very severe economic, environmental and social impacts;
- Considering the creation of innovative financial instruments, such as special insurance schemes, to facilitate post-disaster reconstruction with a view to maintaining standards of living and productive capacities in the LDCs.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Giving priority attention to the LDCs in the substantive programme and institutional arrangements for implementing the new International Strategy for Disaster Reduction;
- Providing assistance for disaster mitigation, at the request of affected countries, as well as for improving the capacity of LDCs to identify mitigation scenarios and establishing protective measures and contingency plans;
- Supporting LDCs' enhancement of capacity to effectively participate in and benefit from regional and international early warning and disaster mitigation and response networks, including through satellite-driven technologies;
- Sharing operationally useful disaster information, including satellite data, as widely as possible within the international disaster relief community, through appropriate programmes such as the UN web site ReliefWeb.
78. An enabling environment with peaceful solution of conflicts and respect for internationally recognized human rights, including the right to development, provides the best context for domestic and international resource mobilization. Equally, it requires the definition of a clear and consistent set of public objectives, sound macroeconomic policies, efficient management of public revenue and expenditure, better allocation of resources and incentives to prevent capital flight and to encourage private savings and tax reforms, and a solid framework to implement stabilization or economic reform programmes.
79. There is an immediate need to mobilize the financial resources that are required to implement the objectives and priorities as well as the targets that are set out in this Programme of Action aimed at the sustainable development of the LDCs. However, there is very limited scope, in the foreseeable future, to meet the multiple development finance requirements of LDCs with domestic resources because of sluggish growth or economic stagnation, widespread poverty and a weak domestic corporate sector. The large investment requirements of LDCs imply a need for new and additional resources and efforts to increase ODA to LDCs supportive of national programmes of action, including poverty eradication strategies.
80. The key to increasing domestic resource mobilization and reducing dependence on external finance lies in achieving a firm structural basis which would sustain high per capita growth rates.
(i) Action by LDCs
- Taking the necessary measures to stimulate domestic savings, with the goal of increasing domestic savings rates;
- Developing efficient and appropriate financial systems, including micro-finance, and an appropriate legal and regulatory framework;
- Establishing stronger links between financial sector and development goals and priorities;
- Promoting innovative financial mechanisms such as microcredit programmes to mobilize savings and deliver financial services to the poor, including smallholders and the self-employed, particularly women, within an appropriate legal and regulatory framework;
- Strengthening efforts at enforcing prudential regulations governing banks and other financial institutions and providing central banks and other regulatory bodies with appropriate legal authority and supervisory and surveillance capacity to enforce compliance with relevant laws and regulations;
- Continuing to improve the performance and competitiveness of both private and public sector banks through recapitalization, expanding private participation, providing managerial training, strengthening accounting and audit practices and developing modern management information systems;
- Improving the efficiency and equity of tax collection systems, and whenever possible aiming at broadening the tax base, and enhancing the effectiveness and transparency of public expenditure, bearing in mind the interests of the poor;
- Enacting policies actively seeking to attract flight capital back from abroad;
- Preventing corruption, bribery and money laundering, illegal transfer of funds and other illicit activities by both public and private entities.
(ii) Actions by development partners
- Supporting LDC efforts to ensure that aid and debt relief measures support rather than undermine domestic resource mobilization efforts. This implies constant attention to the productivity and sustainability of investments financed through aid, as well as awareness of the fiscal implications of aid and debt relief;
- Promoting mechanisms through which domestic resource mobilization in LDCs can be enhanced by making use of aid resources;
- Supporting the efforts of LDCs in the areas of financial sector development and reform and in improving access of the poor to credit;
- Assisting the efforts of all LDCs to strengthen institutional capacity and regulatory frameworks for preventing corruption, bribery, money laundering and illegal transfer of funds, as well as for the repatriation of those funds to the countries of origin.
81. Despite the positive effects that domestic policies can achieve in mobilization of local resources, ODA will remain a critical resource for achieving the objectives, goals and targets of this Programme of Action. It is essential to consider fully both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of aid and the effective coordination of this aid. An essential condition for achieving this objective and reducing aid dependency in LDCs is the improvement of aid volumes and aid effectiveness. Also, increasing national ownership through better integration of external aid into macroeconomic and sectoral programmes is crucial, as are relevant auditing, accounting and management practices. National programmes of action offer possible frameworks for this task.
(i) Actions by LDCs
82. LDCs will seek to:
- Set up, in the context of national development strategies, the necessary public sector auditing and accounting systems, coherent budgets and medium-term expenditure plans;
- Integrate and coordinate aid within national plans and priorities and enhance administrative capacity;
- Design, implement and regularly update national development strategies through dialogue between government and national stakeholders to enhance national policy ownership;
- Identify sectors where ODA can have the most significant catalytic effect on efforts to eradicate poverty, and foster sustained economic growth and sustainable development;
- Establish, with the assistance of development partners, information systems to monitor the use and effectiveness of external resources, including ODA;
- Support institutional arrangements that encourage public-private partnerships.
(ii) Actions by development partners
83. Donor countries will implement the following actions that they committed to at the second United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries as soon as possible:
- Donor countries providing more than 0.20 per cent of their GNP as ODA to LDCs: continue to do so and increase their efforts;
- Other donor countries which have met the 0.15 per cent target: undertake to reach 0.20 per cent expeditiously;
- All other donor countries which have committed themselves to the 0.15 per cent target: reaffirm their commitment and undertake either to achieve the target within the next five years or to make their best efforts to accelerate their endeavours to reach the target;
- During the period of the Programme of Action, the other donor countries: exercise individual best efforts to increase their ODA to LDCs with the effect that collectively their assistance to LDCs will significantly increase;
- Support LDCs' efforts to develop information systems which record, at the recipient country level, indicators and other relevant information relating to aid effectiveness, both for individual donors and for the donor community as a whole, by providing logistical equipment for establishing such information systems and training and the maintenance of such systems.
84. To better respond to national development programmes, including poverty eradication strategies, and on a mutually agreed basis, donors have agreed to:
- Implement the OECD-DAC recommendation to untie aid to LDCs, which will significantly increase the value of aid in an expeditious manner as agreed in the OECD in May 2001;
- Improve aid transparency through internal reviews and OECD-DAC peer reviews. These reviews may examine indicators to capture the quality as well as the quantity of the assistance;
- Work with LDCs, particularly through close consultations at the national level to better measure progress towards achieving international development goals, which could play an important role in strengthening the impact of ODA on the reduction of world poverty;
- Encourage greater participation of recipient countries in discussions on international aid policy in order to strengthen partnerships and enhance the effectiveness of ODA;
- Seek to enhance the value of their development assistance by increasing the proportion of goods and services sourced in the recipient LDC or from other LDCs or developing countries to help boost pro-poor economic growth in these countries.
85. The external debt overhang in the majority of LDCs constitutes a serious obstacle to their development efforts and economic growth. Debt service takes up a large part of scarce budgetary resources that could be directed to productive and social areas, and the debt overhang harms the internal and external investment climate. The situation is aggravated further by effects of external financial turbulence, volatility of export earnings, and increases in the prices of essential imports. Since the Second UN Conference on LDCs, the total amount of LDCs' debt has increased.
86. The serious debt problems of LDCs necessitate a comprehensive solution, including the full, speedy and effective implementation of the enhanced HIPC initiative and other debt relief measures, measures to address structural causes of indebtedness, and provision of ODA, with a view to ensuring that these countries do not fall back into arrears. The full implementation of these actions is crucial. Actions taken by multilateral and bilateral creditors to provide faster, deeper and broader debt relief for HIPCs are useful steps towards solving serious debt problems. The steps taken by the donor community, particularly by members of the Paris Club and other bilateral creditors, to address external debt problems, including a moratorium on debt service payments by LDCs, are welcome. The debtor LDCs will aim at maximizing benefits from debt relief by creating a conducive national framework including fiscal reforms, a budgetary framework, sectoral adjustments, contributing to poverty eradication and faster economic growth, export growth, increased investment, enhanced productive capacities, employment and productivity, savings and international competitiveness. Efforts should be continued through transparent procedures to monitor and review LDCs' debt sustainability on the basis of appropriate and objective criteria.
87. Action by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Action by LDCs
- Taking measures to enhance a conducive national policy framework that contributes effectively to poverty eradication and promotes faster economic growth, including fiscal reforms, establishment of a medium-term budgetary framework, sectoral adjustments, faster export growth and increasing investment, productive capacities, employment and productivity, savings and international competitiveness;
- Using resources released by debt relief as well as other sources of development finance in a manner that fully takes into account the interests of the poor and also promotes long-term economic growth and beneficial integration of LDCs into the global economy;
- Designing and implementing nationally-owned development policies and strategies including, where appropriate, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), with full participation of all stakeholders;
- Initiating joint action with their development partners on the debt situation, including a comprehensive assessment of their debt problems and debt sustainability;
- Sustaining and intensifying efforts to improve debt management capability inter alia by regularly consulting with creditors and development partners on the debt problem.
(ii) Action by development partners
- Effectively implementing the enhanced HIPC Initiative and providing adequate financial resources expeditiously for the speedy and full implementation of the enhanced HIPC Initiative, and providing new and additional resources necessary to fulfil the future financial requirements of the enhanced HIPC Initiative, on the basis of fair and equitable burden-sharing;
- Encouraging Non-Paris Club official creditors to participate in debt relief measures to assist LDCs;
- Making expeditious progress towards full cancellation, in the context of enhanced HIPC, of outstanding official bilateral debt owed by HIPC LDCs;
- Implementing the enhanced programme of debt relief for the heavily indebted poor countries without further delay and agreeing to cancel all official bilateral debts of those countries in return for their making demonstrable commitments to poverty eradication;
- Writing off multilateral debt in the context of the enhanced HIPC for LDCs that are HIPCs should be a high priority, and mobilizing sufficient resources for this purpose;
- Considering on a case by case basis debt relief measures for LDCs which are not HIPCs as an integral part of development processes;
- Providing debt relief to post-conflict countries under the enhanced HIPC as soon as possible, within the flexibility provided under the HIPC framework;
- Encouraging creditors in a position to do so to consider a moratorium on debt service payments for LDCs in exceptional cases;
- Reviewing and continuing to monitor LDCs' debt sustainability in the appropriate fora on the basis of objective criteria and transparent analysis;
- Actively assisting LDCs to build their capacities in the area of debt management;
- Assisting LDCs in their efforts to use resources released by debt relief as well as other sources of development finance in a manner that fully takes into account the interests of the poor and also promotes long-term economic growth and beneficial integration of LDCs into the global economy;
- Supporting LDCs' efforts in designing and implementing nationally-owned development policies and strategies, including, where appropriate, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), with full participation of all stakeholders;
- Assisting LDCs in ensuring that the benefits of debt relief are used within nationally owned development policies and poverty eradication strategies with a view to attaining long-term economic growth and beneficial integration of LDCs into the global economy;
- Considering the implementation of mechanisms for debt relief, such as debt swaps and other relevant debt management and relief tools, with such debt relief fully reflecting priorities of national poverty eradication strategies;
- Assisting LDCs to enhance their capacity to access facilities for commercial debt relief such as the World Bank's debt reduction facility.
88. Long-term foreign private capital flows have a complementary and catalytic role to play in building domestic supply capacity as they lead to tangible and intangible benefits, including export growth, technology and skills transfer, employment generation and poverty eradication.
89. Policies to attract FDI are essential components of national development strategies. In this context, a stable economic, legal and institutional framework is crucial in order to attract foreign investment and to promote sustainable development through investment. In this regard a conducive international financial environment is also crucial.
90. Promoting a conducive macro-economic environment, good governance and democracy, as well as strengthening structural aspects of the economy and improved institutional and human capacities, are important also in the context of attracting FDI and other private external flows. Development partners would need to provide a range of support measures, complementing LDCs' efforts to attract FDI.
91. Action by LDCs and the development partners will be along the following lines:
(i) Action by LDCs
- Strengthening the enabling environment for private sector development and foreign investment flows; of particular importance is a supportive regulatory and legal framework for new and existing FDI along with the necessary institutional infrastructure and capacity to implement and maintain it;
- Designing and implementing policies that reduce risks which deter foreign investment, including through the negotiation of bilateral and regional investment treaties and accession to international conventions providing investment guarantees and insurance, as well as dispute settlement;
- Attracting foreign capital, especially FDI, towards the building of supply capacity;
- Encouraging linkages between domestic businesses and foreign affiliates with a view towards helping to disseminate appropriately tangible and intangible assets, including technology, to domestic enterprises;
- Taking appropriate action for the avoidance of double taxation;
- Improving the timely availability, as well as reliability, of investment information and statistics, including those related to investment opportunities and the regulatory framework.
(ii) Action by development partners
- Encouraging increased non-official flows, including investment flows, to LDCs;
- Supporting LDCs in devising and implementing appropriate FDI strategies and policy frameworks and institutions through the development of a comprehensive approach to FDI and actions aimed at improving the regulatory framework and the availability of reliable investment information;
- Supporting LDCs' efforts to attract foreign businesses and their affiliates, encouraging the appropriate dissemination of tangible and intangible assets, including technology, to domestic enterprises in LDCs;
- Assisting LDCs in human resource development so as to enable them to attract and benefit from FDI and to participate effectively in negotiations on international agreements in this regard;
- Supporting LDCs' efforts towards infrastructure development to attract FDI flows;
- Identifying and implementing best practices for encouraging and facilitating FDI to LDCs;
- Supporting initiatives in the development of public and private venture capital funds for LDCs;
- Assisting LDCs in establishing foreign investment advisory bodies in their own countries, as a one-stop shop which would be responsible for providing information, service and administrative support to potential foreign investors;
- Improving coordination among relevant international organizations on advisory services for investment to the LDCs, with possible participation of the private sector, inter alia by supporting global investment advisory services;
- Facilitating FDI flows to LDCs by underwriting, as appropriate, perceived political and commercial risks in these countries.
92. Success in attaining the objectives of the Programme of Action will depend critically on the effective functioning of the arrangements for its implementation, follow-up, monitoring and review at the national, regional and global levels. The main thrusts of these three tracks of follow-up will be:
- At the national level, each LDC with the support of its development partners will promote implementation of the actions contained in the Programme of Action by translating them into specific measures within their national development framework and poverty eradication strategy, including, where they exist, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), common country assessments (CCAs), and the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF), and with the involvement of civil society, including the private sector, on the basis of a broad-based inclusive dialogue;
- Regional follow-up should focus on cooperation between LDCs and other countries at the regional and subregional levels;
- The global-level follow-up should be primarily concerned with assessing the economic and social performance of LDCs, monitoring the implementation of commitments by LDCs and their partners, reviewing the functioning of implementation and follow-up mechanisms at country, subregional, regional and sectoral levels, and policy developments at the global level with implications for LDCs.
93. Follow-up, monitoring and review of the Programme of Action along the above tracks should involve all relevant stakeholders. They should be conducted in a coherent and mutually supportive manner. Consequently, well-functioning linkages should be built among different levels of follow-up. Through these processes, the actions identified in the Programme of Action will also be regularly adapted to new and evolving developments.
94. The goals and targets set out in the Programme of Action will be used to review and evaluate performance of LDCs and their development partners in implementing the various commitments. Besides follow-up mechanisms identified below, such performance reviews could be facilitated by independent peer reviews of the application of commitments by individual LDCs and their partners as part of the follow-up at national, sectoral, subregional, regional and global levels.
95. The follow-up and monitoring of the Programme of Action should contribute to coordinated follow-up of the implementation of recommendations and commitments of global summits and conferences, including their major reviews, and the United Nations Millennium Declaration, as well as of other major agreements and initiatives on development as they relate to LDCs.
Role of the United Nations system
96. As long-time partners in the development process of LDCs, the organizations of the United Nations system, including the Bretton Woods institutions, have a special role to play in the implementation of the Programme of Action. The experience, expertise and resources of the system, including at the field level, should be appropriately utilized for this purpose. The efforts at the country level by the UN system organizations, in particular within the framework of the Resident Coordinator system, to help LDCs translate goals and targets of major global conferences and summits into concrete actions in the light of national priorities, provide an opportunity for the promotion of an effective follow-up to the commitments of the Programme of Action. This process should be strengthened.
97. The organizations of the UN system as well as other relevant multilateral organizations are invited to continue to accord high priority to LDCs, to integrate the provisions of the Programme of Action appropriately in their work programmes, and to undertake within their respective mandates multi-year programming of actions in favour of LDCs. Their executive bodies are invited to organize sectoral appraisals of the Programme of Action at regular intervals in their respective areas of competence and make available the outcomes of such appraisals to the annual global reviews. These organizations are also invited to participate fully in reviews of the Programme of Action at the national, subregional, regional and global levels.
98. The Secretary-General of the United Nations is requested to ensure at the secretariat level the full mobilization and coordination of all parts of the United Nations system to facilitate coordinated implementation as well as coherence in the follow-up and monitoring of the Programme of Action at the national, regional, subregional and global levels. The ACC as well as the United Nations Development Group are invited to consider how to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of UN system-wide follow-up and monitoring of the Programme of Action. The system of focal points in each United Nations organization, which were set up in the context of preparations for the Conference, may be kept active in the context of review and follow-up of the implementation of the Programme of Action during the decade.
(i) Arrangements by LDCs
99. The implementation and follow-up of the Programme of Action at the national level are of primary importance. The LDC Governments should undertake this task within their respective national development framework and poverty eradication strategy, including, where they exist, PRSPs, CCAs and UNDAF, and with the involvement of civil society, including the private sector, on the basis of a broad-based inclusive dialogue. The development partners should support agreed objectives and policies designed by LDCs on the basis of the Programme of Action and existing national development and cooperation frameworks. On the basis of each LDC's commitment to these long-term policy framework and plans, development partners commit to extend adequate support for their implementation, including financial and technical support.
100. In some LDCs, national arrangements are already in place for broad-based and inclusive dialogue on development issues and policies. These forums are critical to ensuring genuine consensus and national ownership of national programmes of action and need to be fully supported. Other LDCs should follow this example by developing such national forums. The National Preparatory Committees set up for the preparations for the Conference with the participation of representatives from the public sector and the civil society, including the private sector, should be incorporated into these forums. The national forums, working in close collaboration with development partners, could provide a platform for regular and systematic follow-up and monitoring of the implementation of commitments by individual LDCs and their development partners at the national level, as well as providing inputs to follow-up at the global, regional, subregional and sectoral levels.
101. Success of LDCs in implementing this Programme of Action at the national level will depend inter alia on effective human, institutional and technical capacity relating to policy developments, monitoring of implementation and co-ordination. The UN Resident Coordinator system and the country teams, as well country-level representatives of the Bretton Woods Institutions, and other bilateral and multilateral donors and other development partners are encouraged to collaborate with and provide support to the national development forums.
(ii) Country review process
102. The existing country review mechanisms such as the World Bank's consultative group and UNDP's round-table meetings should continue as principal coordination forums for development cooperation, as well as for mobilizing external development resources for LDCs, based on national development frameworks. These mechanisms should be strengthened and organized on a more systematic basis and should cover all LDCs. They should be broadened so as to encompass all donors.
103. The country review process should also provide support to strengthen linkages between the macroeconomic framework and sectoral strategies. Sectoral policies and strategies should be used more widely as a tool for aid coordination. There should be strong complementarities between the country review process and the national forums.
104. Effective aid coordination is a key element for maximizing the efficiency of external support under the overall leadership of LDC Governments. Efforts, including those aimed at harmonization and simplification of donors procedures, should be made to avoid inappropriate or unnecessary parallel systems of targeting, programming and coordinating the allocation of resources.
Subregional and regional levels
105. The relevant United Nations regional economic commissions should undertake, in close coordination with the global-level and country-level follow-up processes and in cooperation with subregional and regional development banks and subregional and regional intergovernmental organizations, periodic subregional and regional monitoring and review of progress in the implementation of the Programme of Action. They should offer an opportunity for LDCs of their respective regions, together with neighbouring developing countries as well as other countries in the same region, to exchange experiences and seek solutions to common development problems at the national, subregional, regional and global levels.
106. Subregional and regional-level follow-up should also promote subregional and regional policy responses to take better account of the needs of LDCs. It should assist LDCs in meeting demands of global competition by appropriately adapting existing regional and subregional frameworks and linkages in the area of trade, finance and investment, while at the same time improving the quality of their international economic integration.
107. The relevant United Nations regional commissions should continue to ensure that the needs and problems of the LDCs are addressed as part of their ongoing work, and in this manner should contribute to the follow-up process at the national and global levels. Attention should be given to any need for strengthening capacities of the regional commissions in undertaking subregional and regional follow-up activities.
108. Regional and where appropriate subregional development banks, regional and subregional organizations of developing countries and regional and subregional intergovernmental organizations are invited to give full attention in their economic analysis and monitoring to the problems, needs and achievements of LDCs and to provide appropriate inputs to the global-level follow-up and review process. Global level
109. The commitments undertaken in the Programme of Action should be appropriately reflected in the review of major global summits and conferences and the follow-up to the Millennium Declaration, as well as in forthcoming conferences and events and in their final outcomes. Arrangements for monitoring, follow-up and review at the global level are an integral part of the overall process, being all complementary and supportive to the above-mentioned arrangements at the country, subregional and regional levels.
110. As in the case of the past Programmes of Action, the General Assembly should monitor the implementation of the new Programme of Action under a specific item on its agenda. In this respect, substantive preparations for, as well as review and monitoring of, the implementation of the Programme of Action should be carried out by relevant bodies of the UN system, and consideration should be given to strengthening coordination of actions of the UN system for the implementation of the Programme under the aegis of the Economic and Social Council.
111. The Economic and Social Council is invited to consider for final decision by the General Assembly: (a) the creation of an annual agenda item on the review and coordination of the implementation of the Programme of Action for the LDCs, allocated to its coordination segment; (b) the examination at regular intervals of this review and coordination at its high-level segment; (c) undertaking effective preparations for this annual review by the Economic and Social Council, bearing in mind the established procedures of the Economic and Social Council for such preparation, as well as drawing on the contribution of governmental and individual experts.
112. Consideration of each annual review should include: (a) follow-up, monitoring and assessment of progress in the implementation of the Programme of Action at national, subregional, regional and global levels through reporting by Governments, as well as by the secretariats and intergovernmental bodies of the UN system and of other relevant subregional, regional and international organizations and institutions, on the implementation of the Programme of Action on LDCs; (b) fostering international cooperation in support of the Programme of Action, including coordination among donors and among organizations referred to above; and (c) elaborating new policies and measures in light of changing domestic and external circumstances facing LDCs.
113. The governing bodies of the organizations of the UN system, as well as other multilateral organizations, are invited to mainstream the implementation of this Programme of Action within their programmes of work, as well as in their intergovernmental processes. The existing intergovernmental processes of these organizations, such as the Sessional Committee of the Trade and Development Board and the WTO's Sub-Committee on LDCs, should continue. In particular, the Trade and Development Board is invited to consider converting its Sessional Committee on LDCs into a Standing Committee in order to address, within the mandate of the Board, substantive issues related to the implementation of the Programme of Action. These governing bodies are also invited to bring to the attention of the Economic and Social Council progress made by their respective organizations in implementing this Programme of Action.
114. The United Nations General Assembly is invited to consider conducting a comprehensive review of the Programme of Action at a moment to be decided upon. The General Assembly, towards the end of the decade, is also invited to consider holding a fourth UN Conference on LDCs in order to make a comprehensive appraisal of the implementation of this Programme and to decide on subsequent action.
115. There is a critical need for an effective mechanism to support intergovernmental review and follow-up of the implementation of the Programme of Action; to mobilize the UN system organizations, as well as other relevant multilateral organizations; and to facilitate substantive LDC participation in appropriate multilateral forums.
116. The Secretary-General of the United Nations is requested to submit to the General Assembly at its fifty-sixth session his recommendations for an efficient and highly visible follow-up mechanism, including the possibility to transform the current Office of the Special Coordinator for the Least Developed, Land-locked and Small Island Developing States into an Office of High Representative for Least Developed, Land-locked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States.
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